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Oil has been used for lighting purposes for many
thousands of years. In areas where oil is found in shallow reservoirs, seeps of
crude oil or gas may naturally develop, and some oil could simply be collected
from seepage or tar ponds. Oil Creek Valley, the Phillips well on the right
initially produced 4,000 2 barrels per day in October, 1861, and the Woodford
well on the left came in at 1,500 barrels per day in July, 1862. The oil was
collected in the wooden tank pictured in the foreground. As you will no doubt
notice, there are many different-sized barrels in the background. At this time,
barrel size had not been standardized, which made statements like "oil is
selling at $5 per barrel" very confusing (today a barrel is 159 liters
(see units on p. 141). But even in those days, overproduction was something to
be avoided. When the "Empire well" was completed in September 1861,
it produced 3,000 barrels per day, flooding the market, and the price of oil
plummeted to 10 cents a barrel. In some ways, we see the same effect today.
When new shale gas fields in the US are constrained by the capacity of the
existing oil and gas pipeline network, it results in bottlenecks and low prices
at the production site. Soon, oil had replaced most other fuels for motorized
transport. The automobile industry developed at the end of the 19th century,
and quickly adopted oil as fuel. Gasoline engines were essential for designing
successful aircraft. Ships driven by oil could move up to twice as fast as
their coalpowered counterparts, a vital military advantage. Gas was burned off
or left in the ground. Despite attempts at gas transportation as far back as
1821, it was not until after World War II that welding techniques, pipe
rolling, and metallurgical advances allowed for the construction of reliable
long distance pipelines, creating a natural gas industry boom. At the same
time, the petrochemical industry with its new plastic materials quickly
increased production. Even now, gas production is gaining market share as
liquefied natural gas (LNG) provides an economical way of transporting gas from
even the remotest sites. With the appearance of automobiles and more advanced
consumers, it was necessary to improve and standardize the marketable products.
Refining was necessary to divide the crude in fractions that could be blended
to precise specifications. As value shifted from refining to upstream
production, it became even more essential for refineries to increase high-value
fuel yield from a variety of crudes. From 10-40% gasoline for crude a century
ago, a modern refinery can get up to 70% gasoline from the same quality crude
through a variety of advanced reforming and cracking processes. Chemicals
derived from petroleum or natural gas – petrochemicals – are an essential part
of the chemical industry today. Petrochemistry is a fairly young 3 industry; it
only started to grow in the 1940s, more than 80 years after the drilling of the
first commercial oil well. During World War II, the demand for synthetic
materials to replace costly and sometimes less efficient products caused the
petrochemical industry to develop into a major player in modern economy and
society. Before then, it was a tentative, experimental sector, starting with
basic materials: • Synthetic rubbers in the 1900s •
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Drilling Course in Rawalpindi
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IPATS Offer the Definition Drilling is a process
whereby a hole is bored using a drill bit to create a well for oil and natural
gas production. There are various kinds of oil wells with different functions:
Exploration wells (or wildcat wells) are drilled for exploration purposes in
new areas. The location of the exploration well is determined by geologists.
Appraisal wells are those drilled to assess the characteristics of a proven
petroleum reserve such as flow rate. Development or production wells are
drilled for the production of oil or gas in fields of proven economic and
recoverable oil or gas reserves. Relief wells are drilled to stop the flow from
a reservoir when a production well has experienced a blowout. An injection well
is drilled to enable petroleum engineers to inject steam, carbon dioxide and
other substances into an oil producing unit so as to maintain reservoir
pressure or to lower the viscosity of the oil, allowing it to flow into a
nearby well. The process of drilling an oil and natural gas production well
involves several important steps: Boring - a drill bit and pipe are used to
create a hole vertically into the ground. 3035530865-3219606785 ?Sometimes, drilling operations cannot be completed
directly above an oil or gas reservoir, for example, when reserves are situated
under residential areas. Fortunately, a process called directional drilling can
be done to bore a well at an angle. This process is done by boring a vertical
well and then angling it towards the reservoir. Circulation - drilling mud is
circulated into the hole and back to the surface for various functions
including the removal of rock cuttings from the hole and the maintenance of
working temperatures and pressures. Casing - once the hole is at the desired
depth, the well requires a cement casing to prevent collapse. Completion -
after a well has been cased, it needs to be readied for production. Small holes
called perforations are made in the portion of the casing which passed through
the production zone, to provide a path for the oil or gas to flow. Production -
this is the phase of the well's life where it actually produces oil 3035530865-3219606785 and/or gas. Abandonment - when a well has reached the
end of its useful life (this is usually determined by economics), it is plugged
and abandoned to protect the surrounding environment. Context Drilling is a
relatively well-understood technological process but no two wells are the same
and therefore risk management is important. The largest mainstream concern with
drilling is the risk of blowouts, which is the uncontrolled release of oil and
natural gas from a well due to issues with pressure management. With modern
technology blowouts are preventable. However a high level of diligence is
required by operators and regulators to ensure this does not happen. In
addition to this, there are a wide array of drilling activities that can cause
adverse environmental impacts. For example, ground clearing can have adverse
effects on the ecological surroundings. 3035530865-3219606785 Air quality and waste management from construction and
during drilling can be an issue. The increase and vehicle and pedestrian
traffic also creates an impact on the local environment
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Oil and natural gas together make petroleum. Petroleum,
which is Latin for rock oil, is a fossil fuel, meaning it was made naturally
from decaying prehistoric plant and animal remains. It is a mixture of hundreds
of different hydrocarbons molecules containing hydrogen and carbon that exist
sometimes as a liquid (crude oil) and sometimes as a vapor (natural gas). How
is Petroleum Formed? Oil and natural gas were formed from the remains of
prehistoric plants and animals—that’s why they’re called fossil fuels. Hundreds
of millions of years ago, prehistoric plant and animal remains settled into the
seas along with sand, silt and rocks. As the rocks and silt settled, layer upon
layer piled up in rivers, along coastlines and on the sea bottom trapping the
organic material. Without air, the organic layers could not rot away. 3035530865-3219606785 Over time, increasing pressure and temperature changed
the mud, sand and silt into rock (known as source rock) and slowly “cooked” the
organic matter into petroleum. Petroleum is held inside the rock formation,
similar to how a sponge holds water. Over millions of years, the oil and gas
that formed in the source rock deep within the Earth moved upward through tiny,
connected pore spaces in the rocks. Some seeped out at the Earth’s surface, but
most of the petroleum hydrocarbons were trapped by nonporous rocks or other
barriers. These underground traps of oil and gas are called reservoirs.
Contrary to popular misconception, reservoirs are not underground “lakes” of
oil; they are made up of porous and permeable rocks that can hold significant
amounts of oil and gas within their pore spaces. Some reservoirs are hundreds
of feet below the surface, while others are thousands of feet underground. How
is Petroleum Found? From ancient times through the early 1900s, finding oil and
gas was largely a matter of luck. Early explorers looked for oil seeps at the
surface, certain types of rock outcrops and other surface signs that oil might
exist below ground. 3035530865-3219606785 This was a hit-or-miss process. But science and
technology quickly developed to improve the industry’s ability to determine
what lies below the ground. Geologists study rocks on the Earth’s surface and
underground. They make a map of the rocks where they think oil and gas might be
found. Engineers use this geology map to drill a well under the Earth’s
surface. If successful, the well will bring a steady flow of oil and gas to the
surface. After the drill rig is removed, a pump is placed on the well head. An
electric motor drives a gear box that moves a lever. The lever pushes and
pulls, forcing the pump up and down, and creates a suction that draws up the
oil. Three factors affect the amount of oil or gas that can be recovered from a
known reservoir: rock properties, technology and economics. While the industry
cannot change the properties of the rock, it can develop new techniques to
remove more oil from the rock. The industry has also made significant advances
to enhance recovery from known reservoirs in the US and abroad, adding to the
reserves base. Where is Petroleum Found? The oil and natural gas that power our
homes, businesses and transportation are found in small spaces — called pores —
between layers of rock deep within the Earth. Many offshore wells, for example,
are drilled in thousands of feet of water and penetrate tens of thousands of
feet into the sediments below the sea floor. The oil is then transported to
refineries and distilled into fuel or base chemical products. More than 100
countries produce petroleum. Most of those countries produce both oil and
natural gas; a few produce only natural gas. Natural gas is usually found near
petroleum. Many factors can affect oil production, such as civil unrest,
national or international politics, adherence to quotas, oil prices, oil
demand, new discoveries and technology development or application. The larger
subsurface traps are the easiest deposits of oil and gas to locate. In mature
production areas of the world, 3035530865-3219606785
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Quality Control Course in Rawat
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IPATS Offer the QC COURSE CONTENTS Introduction to
Project Quality Management Topics Overview of Quality Foundations of Quality
Management Storage of Cement Overview of Project Quality Management Plan
Quality Overview of the Plan Quality Process Inputs to the Plan Quality Process
Tools and Techniques for the Plan Quality Process Outputs from the Plan Quality
Process Perform Quality Assurance Overview of the Perform Quality Assurance
Process Inputs to the Perform Quality Assurance Process Tools and Techniques
for the Perform Quality Assurance Process Outputs from the Perform Quality
Assurance Process Perform Quality Control Inputs to the Perform Quality Control
Process Tools and Techniques for the Perform Quality Control Process Outputs
from the Perform Quality Control Process
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Civil Engineering Course in Rawat 3035530865-3219606785
Course Content Civil Engineering Diploma Structural
Engineering Geo technical Engineering Highways and Traffic Engineering
Construction Management AutoCad Advanced Civil Surveyor /Quantity Surveyor
Drafting and Drawing Engineering Quality Control /Quality Assurance(QAQC)
Material Testing land SuryeyorCourse Content Civil Engineering Diploma
Structural Engineering Geo technical Engineering Highways and Traffic
Engineering Construction Management AutoCad Advanced Civil Surveyor /Quantity
Surveyor Drafting and Drawing Engineering Quality Control /Quality
Assurance(QAQC) Material Testing land SuryeyorCourse Content Civil Engineering
Diploma Structural Engineering Geo technical Engineering Highways and Traffic
Engineering Construction Management AutoCad Advanced Civil Surveyor /Quantity
Surveyor Drafting and Drawing Engineering Quality Control /Quality
Assurance(QAQC) Material Testing land SuryeyorCourse Content Civil Engineering
Diploma Structural Engineering Geo technical Engineering Highways and Traffic
Engineering Construction Management AutoCad Advanced Civil Surveyor /Quantity
Surveyor Drafting and Drawing Engineering Quality Control /Quality
Assurance(QAQC) Material Testing land SuryeyorCourse Content Civil Engineering
Diploma Structural Engineering Geo technical Engineering Highways and Traffic
Engineering Construction Management AutoCad Advanced Civil Surveyor /Quantity
Surveyor Drafting and Drawing Engineering Quality Control /Quality
Assurance(QAQC) Material Testing land SuryeyorCourse Content Civil Engineering
Diploma Structural Engineering Geo technical Engineering Highways and Traffic
Engineering Construction Management AutoCad Advanced Civil Surveyor /Quantity
Surveyor Drafting and Drawing Engineering Quality Control /Quality Assurance(QAQC)
Material Testing land Suryeyor
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Diploma Oil and Gas Petroleum Engineering in
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Charsadda Pakistan , Diploma Oil and Gas Petroleum Engineering in Battagram
Charsadda Pakistan , This Introduction to the Oil & Gas Industry training
course is suitable for personnel from all sectors of the oil and gas industry –
government agencies, authorities, operators, contractors and service
companies.The course is especially valuable for newcomers to the industry and
non-technical personnel working in areas like HR, finance, IT, contracts and
administration who feel they could benefit from gaining a wider appreciation of
the big picture.Constant media attention on oil spills has created global
awareness of their risks and the damage they do. Often under-reported is the
average cost of the cleanup - often as high as $200 per liter of oil spilled.
Oil is a necessity in today's industrial society, and since our dependence on
it is not likely to and any time soon, we will continue to have spills. This
indispensable reference supplies the information required to proceed with
cleanup efforts immediately.This course provides the tools for remediating the
on-and off-shore oil spills that can threaten sensitive coastal habitats. It
highlights the effects of oil on the environment and wildlife and a glossary of
technical terms. Students will be able to understand the different techniques
required based on the type of oil spilled and the environmental circumstances
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Tally ERP 9 with VAT & GST IPATS3035530865
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